Town gas is the “lifeline” of urban operations, and the effective implementation of enterprises’ principal responsibility for safe production is directly linked to public safety and the secure supply of essential services. Taking the statutory list of responsibilities as a starting point, this paper constructs a governance framework characterized by a “government oversight–enterprise principal responsibility–position-based accountability loop,” and proposes a closed-loop mechanism comprising “clarifying responsibilities through checklists, fulfilling duties via standardized processes, monitoring compliance digitally, and holding accountable based on performance.” The mechanism is then applied and its effectiveness evaluated in three typical scenarios: the management of third-party construction-related damage, end-user safety management, and smart gas infrastructure development. The study demonstrates that, through the coordinated use of two lists alongside institutional tools such as licensing and access control, law enforcement supervision, information platforms, and emergency coordination, it is possible to significantly enhance both the quality of corporate duty fulfillment and the reach of regulatory oversight, thereby shifting gas safety governance from post-incident response to proactive prevention. Furthermore, this paper provides operational checklists and quantitative metrics for government–enterprise collaboration, offering valuable reference for industry governance and policy formulation.